Turquoise, with its captivating blue-to-green hues and ancient mystique, has been prized for centuries. From the jewelry boxes of royalty to the adornments of everyday individuals, genuine turquoise holds a special allure. However, the popularity of this gemstone has unfortunately led to a proliferation of imitations and fakes flooding the market. Navigating this landscape and ensuring you're investing in authentic turquoise can feel daunting. Fear not! This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and practical techniques to confidently identify genuine turquoise, protecting you from counterfeits and empowering you to appreciate the real deal.

Why Authenticity Matters: Beyond the Beauty of Genuine Turquoise

Before diving into identification methods, it's crucial to understand why authenticity is so important. It's not just about avoiding being cheated; it's about appreciating the true value and inherent qualities of genuine turquoise.

• Financial Investment: Genuine turquoise, especially high-grade varieties, can be a significant investment. Fake turquoise, on the other hand, is often made from inexpensive materials like plastic, dyed howlite, or resin. Purchasing a fake at the price of genuine turquoise is a financial loss.
• Aesthetic and Energetic Properties: Many believe genuine turquoise possesses unique energetic and metaphysical properties, often associated with healing, protection, and good fortune. These properties are, of course, absent in imitations. For those who value these aspects, authenticity is paramount.
• Durability and Longevity: Genuine turquoise, while relatively soft, is still a natural gemstone with a certain level of durability. Imitations, particularly plastic or resin, are often less durable and prone to scratching, fading, or breaking over time.
• Supporting Ethical Sourcing: The genuine turquoise market, when sourced responsibly, can support ethical mining practices and communities. Purchasing fakes contributes to the demand for inauthentic goods and potentially undermines these ethical efforts.
• Appreciating Nature's Artistry: Each piece of genuine turquoise is unique, formed over millennia through natural geological processes. Its color variations, matrix patterns, and inclusions are all part of its natural beauty and story. Imitations lack this inherent uniqueness and natural artistry.

Visual Inspection: Your First Line of Defense in Identifying Genuine Turquoise

The first step in identifying genuine turquoise is a thorough visual inspection. While not foolproof, careful observation of certain characteristics can reveal telltale signs of authenticity – or alert you to potential fakes.

1. Color: Understanding the Natural Palette of Turquoise

Genuine turquoise exhibits a spectrum of blues and greens, often with variations within a single stone. From vibrant robin's egg blue to deeper sky blues, and from greenish-blue to even apple green, the color range is diverse. Key things to look for regarding color:

• Natural Color Variation: Genuine turquoise typically shows subtle variations in color within the stone. This is due to the natural distribution of copper and other trace minerals during its formation. Uniform, perfectly consistent color across a piece, especially a larger one, can be a red flag, suggesting dye or artificial coloring.
• Avoid Unnaturally Bright or "Plastic-Looking" Colors: While some turquoise is intensely blue, overly bright, almost neon shades of blue or green, particularly those that appear artificial or "plastic-like," are often indicative of dyed imitations. Genuine turquoise tends to have a more natural, earthy tone.
• Consider the Source and Type: Different turquoise mines are known for producing stones with characteristic colors. For example, Sleeping Beauty turquoise is famous for its bright, clear blue, while Kingman turquoise often has a deeper, more veined appearance. Researching the typical color profiles of different turquoise types can be helpful.

2. The Matrix: Nature's Fingerprint in Genuine Turquoise

The matrix refers to the web-like patterns or inclusions of host rock that are naturally present in many types of turquoise. This matrix is a crucial indicator of authenticity and adds to the unique character of each stone.

• Presence and Nature of Matrix: Many, but not all, genuine turquoise stones exhibit a matrix. This matrix can appear as veins, spots, or web-like patterns in various colors, typically brown, black, or tan. The matrix is formed naturally within the turquoise as it grows within the host rock.
• Authentic Matrix is Irregular and Natural: Genuine matrix patterns are irregular and appear naturally integrated into the stone. Fake matrix is often painted on, stamped, or artificially created and will look too uniform, repetitive, or superficial. It might appear to sit on top of the stone rather than embedded within it.
• Types of Matrix: Different turquoise mines are known for specific matrix types. For example, spiderweb matrix is highly prized. Familiarizing yourself with common matrix patterns associated with reputable turquoise localities can aid in identification.
• Matrix Absence Doesn't Necessarily Mean Fake: Some high-grade turquoise, like some Sleeping Beauty, is known for its lack of matrix ("clean" turquoise). So, while matrix is often a sign of authenticity, its absence alone doesn't automatically mean a stone is fake. Consider other factors in combination.

3. Luster and Surface Texture: Feel the Natural Waxiness

Genuine turquoise has a unique luster and surface texture that distinguishes it from many imitations.

• Waxy to Vitreous Luster: Genuine turquoise typically exhibits a waxy to slightly vitreous (glassy) luster. It shouldn't appear overly shiny or plastic-like. This natural luster is a result of its mineral composition and natural polishing.
• Smooth but Not Perfectly Flawless Surface: Genuine turquoise is often polished to a smooth finish, but it shouldn't be flawlessly perfect like plastic. Natural stones may have slight variations in texture, tiny pits, or natural imperfections which are part of their character and authenticity.
• Avoid Plastic-Looking Shine: Imitations made from plastic or resin often have an unnatural, high-gloss, plastic-like shine that is easily distinguishable from the softer, waxy luster of genuine turquoise.

4. Inclusions and Imperfections: Embracing Natural Character

Just like other natural gemstones, genuine turquoise often contains minor inclusions or imperfections. These are not flaws but rather natural characteristics that can actually enhance its beauty and confirm its authenticity.

• Natural Inclusions are Common: Don't be immediately suspicious of small inclusions, pits, or slight variations in texture. These are normal in natural turquoise and are a testament to its natural origin.
• Perfectly Flawless Stones Can Be Suspect: While high-grade, flawless turquoise exists, it is rare and expensive. If you encounter a large, seemingly flawless turquoise piece at a suspiciously low price, it's wise to be cautious. Perfection in a natural gemstone, especially at a low price point, can sometimes be an indication of a synthetic or imitation.
• Look for Natural Growth Patterns: Sometimes, subtle growth patterns or internal structures can be visible under magnification in genuine turquoise, further confirming its natural origin.

Physical Tests: Going Beyond Visuals to Confirm Authenticity

While visual inspection is a crucial first step, physical tests can provide further confirmation and help distinguish genuine turquoise from sophisticated imitations. Always perform these tests cautiously and in inconspicuous areas, as some tests could potentially cause minor damage to softer stones.

1. Hardness Test (Mohs Scale): Scratching the Surface (Carefully!)

Turquoise has a hardness of around 5-6 on the Mohs Hardness Scale. This means it is harder than glass (5.5) but softer than quartz (7).

• Glass Scratch Test (Caution Advised): With extreme caution and on an inconspicuous area, you can try to lightly scratch a piece of glass with the turquoise. Genuine turquoise should be able to scratch glass. Plastic or softer imitations will not. However, be extremely careful not to damage the turquoise itself, especially if you are unsure of its value.
• Avoid Overly Aggressive Scratching: The goal is a light scratch test, not to gouge or damage the stone. If you are not comfortable performing this test, it's best to skip it or consult a professional gemologist.
• Hardness as a General Indicator: This test is more of a general indicator and not a definitive proof of authenticity. Some imitations might also be hard enough to scratch glass.

2. Temperature Test: The Cool Touch of Stone

Natural stone, including turquoise, feels cool to the touch at room temperature and warms up slowly. Plastic and resin imitations tend to feel warmer initially and heat up more quickly.

• Touch Test: Hold the turquoise in your hand. Genuine turquoise should feel noticeably cool to the touch compared to room temperature. Plastic or resin will feel less cool or even slightly warm.
• Temperature Retention: Genuine stone retains coolness longer than plastic or resin. Observe how quickly the stone warms up in your hand. Imitations will warm up much faster.
• Context is Key: Temperature can be influenced by ambient conditions. This test is best used in conjunction with other methods and as a comparative observation.

3. Sound Test (Tap Test): Listen for the Stone's Resonance

When gently tapped against teeth (or another piece of stone, carefully), genuine turquoise often produces a denser, duller sound compared to the lighter, often higher-pitched or hollow sound of plastic or resin.

• Gentle Tap Test: Gently tap the turquoise against your upper front teeth (a common, albeit slightly unconventional, method used by experienced gemstone handlers) or tap it lightly against another known piece of natural stone.
• Listen for Density and Resonance: Genuine turquoise will typically produce a duller, denser sound. Plastic or resin will often sound lighter, higher-pitched, or even hollow.
• Practice and Comparison: This test requires some practice and familiarity. If possible, compare the sound to a piece of turquoise you know is genuine.

4. Weight Test: Density Matters

Genuine turquoise is denser than many common imitations like plastic or resin. While not always practical for loose stones, weight can be a factor in comparing similar-sized pieces.

• Compare Similar Sizes: If you have two pieces of turquoise of roughly the same size and shape, the genuine turquoise should feel noticeably heavier than a plastic or resin imitation.
• Density Difference: This is due to the higher density of the minerals that make up turquoise compared to plastics and resins.
• Not a Standalone Test: Weight alone is not conclusive, but it can be a supporting indicator, especially when combined with other tests.

Microscopic Examination and Gemological Testing: Definitive Authentication

For the most definitive authentication, especially for valuable or questionable pieces, microscopic examination and gemological testing by a qualified gemologist are recommended. These methods go beyond surface observations and analyze the internal structure and chemical composition of the stone.

• Microscopic Examination: A gemologist can use a microscope to examine the stone's surface and internal structure in detail. This can reveal natural growth patterns, matrix characteristics, and other features that are difficult to replicate in imitations.
• Spectroscopic Analysis: Techniques like Raman spectroscopy or X-ray fluorescence (XRF) can analyze the chemical composition of the stone, providing a definitive "fingerprint" and confirming whether it is indeed turquoise and not another mineral or synthetic material.
• Refractive Index (RI) and Specific Gravity (SG): Gemological testing can also measure the refractive index and specific gravity of the stone, which are characteristic properties of turquoise.
• Consult a Certified Gemologist: For high-value purchases or when you have serious doubts about authenticity, seeking the expertise of a certified gemologist is the most reliable way to ensure you are getting genuine turquoise. Organizations like the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) and the American Gem Society (AGS) offer gemologist certifications and resources.

Common Turquoise Imitations and How to Spot Them

Being aware of common turquoise imitations and how they are made is crucial for effective identification. Here are some of the most prevalent fakes you might encounter:

1. Dyed Howlite or Magnesite: The Color Con

Howlite and magnesite are white minerals that are porous and easily dyed to resemble turquoise. This is one of the most common turquoise imitations.

• Unnatural Uniformity of Color: Dyed howlite often has an unnaturally uniform and intense blue color. The color might look too perfect and lack the subtle variations found in genuine turquoise.
• Dye Concentration in Cracks and Pores: Examine the stone closely, especially in crevices, cracks, or porous areas. Dye tends to concentrate in these areas, creating darker, unnatural lines or spots.
• Chalky or Porous Texture: Howlite and magnesite, even when polished, can sometimes have a slightly chalky or porous texture compared to the smoother, denser feel of turquoise.
• Lower Price Point (Often): Dyed howlite is significantly cheaper than genuine turquoise. Be wary of "turquoise" jewelry offered at very low prices, as it is often dyed howlite.

2. Plastic and Resin Imitations: The Synthetic Deception

Plastic and resin are inexpensive materials commonly used to create mass-produced turquoise imitations.

• Plastic-Like Luster and Shine: Plastic and resin imitations often have a distinctly plastic-like, high-gloss shine that is easily distinguishable from the waxy or vitreous luster of genuine turquoise.
• Lightweight and "Cheap" Feel: Plastic and resin are significantly lighter than turquoise. Imitations often feel flimsy or "cheap" in hand.
• Mold Seams or Imperfections: Mass-produced plastic or resin imitations may sometimes exhibit subtle mold seams or imperfections from the manufacturing process.
• Warm to the Touch: As mentioned earlier, plastic and resin warm up quickly in your hand and don't have the cool touch of stone.

3. Reconstituted Turquoise: "Turquoise Dust" Deception

Reconstituted turquoise is made by grinding up small pieces or dust of genuine turquoise (often low-grade) and mixing it with a binder (like resin or epoxy) to form a solid mass. While it contains some real turquoise, it is significantly less valuable than natural, solid turquoise.

• Uniform and "Grainy" Texture: Reconstituted turquoise often has a very uniform color and a slightly grainy or speckled texture due to the ground-up turquoise particles.
• Plastic or Resin Matrix (Often): The "matrix" in reconstituted turquoise is often artificially created from the binder material and can look too uniform or plastic-like.
• Lower Value: Reconstituted turquoise is less valuable than natural turquoise. It should be disclosed as "reconstituted" and priced accordingly. Be wary if it is sold as "genuine turquoise" without this clarification.

Purchasing Tips for Genuine Turquoise: Smart Shopping Strategies

To minimize the risk of buying fake turquoise, adopt these smart shopping strategies:

• Buy from Reputable Dealers: Purchase turquoise from established and reputable jewelers, gem dealers, or Native American artisans known for their integrity and knowledge of turquoise.
• Ask Questions and Request Information: Don't hesitate to ask the seller about the source of the turquoise, its treatment history (stabilization is common and acceptable, but dyeing is not for natural turquoise value), and for any documentation or certifications they may have.
• Be Wary of "Too Good to Be True" Deals: If a price seems significantly lower than market value for comparable turquoise, it's likely a fake or a very low-grade stone. Genuine, high-quality turquoise is valuable.
• Examine Before You Buy: Always examine the turquoise closely using the visual inspection techniques outlined in this guide before making a purchase. Use a jeweler's loupe if possible for closer examination.
• Consider Gemological Certification for High-Value Pieces: For expensive or significant turquoise purchases, consider requesting a gemological certificate from a recognized lab to verify authenticity.

Caring for Your Genuine Turquoise: Preserving its Beauty

Once you've acquired genuine turquoise, proper care will help maintain its beauty and longevity.

• Gentle Cleaning: Clean turquoise with a soft, damp cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals, ultrasonic cleaners, or steam cleaners, which can damage the stone.
• Avoid Harsh Environments: Protect turquoise from extreme temperatures, direct sunlight for prolonged periods, and harsh chemicals like household cleaners or perfumes.
• Store Separately: Store turquoise jewelry separately from harder gemstones to prevent scratches.
• Consider Professional Cleaning and Polishing: For valuable pieces, consider professional cleaning and polishing by a jeweler experienced with turquoise.

Conclusion: Empowered to Identify Genuine Turquoise

Identifying genuine turquoise requires a combination of careful observation, practical testing, and informed purchasing habits. By understanding the visual characteristics, employing simple physical tests, and being aware of common imitations, you can significantly increase your confidence in distinguishing real turquoise from fakes. While no method is completely foolproof without professional gemological testing, the knowledge gained from this guide will empower you to make informed decisions and appreciate the unique beauty and value of genuine turquoise for years to come. Remember to prioritize reputable sources and trust your intuition – if something feels "off," it's always wise to investigate further.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about Identifying Genuine Turquoise

Q: Is all turquoise expensive?

A: No, not all turquoise is expensive. The price of turquoise varies greatly depending on factors like quality, color, matrix pattern, size, and origin. High-grade, rare turquoise is expensive, but lower-grade or more common varieties can be quite affordable.

Q: What is "stabilized" turquoise and is it genuine?

A: Stabilized turquoise is genuine turquoise that has been treated with resins or other hardeners to improve its durability and color. Stabilization is a common and generally accepted treatment for softer or more porous turquoise. It is still considered genuine turquoise, but it should be disclosed as "stabilized." Unstabilized, natural turquoise is often more highly valued.

Q: Can I identify genuine turquoise just by looking at it?

A: Visual inspection is a crucial first step and can often identify obvious fakes. However, sophisticated imitations may require physical tests or gemological examination for definitive authentication. It's best to use a combination of visual and physical methods.

Q: Is matrix always a sign of genuine turquoise?

A: While matrix is often found in genuine turquoise and can be a strong indicator of authenticity, its absence doesn't automatically mean a stone is fake. Some high-grade turquoise is "clean" and lacks matrix. Conversely, fake matrix can be artificially created, so examine the nature of the matrix carefully.

Q: Can I test turquoise hardness at home?

A: You can attempt a very cautious scratch test against glass, but it's not recommended if you are unsure or dealing with a valuable piece. It's best to rely on other visual and tactile methods for home testing and consult a professional for definitive hardness testing if needed.

Q: Where can I get turquoise authenticated professionally?

A: You can get turquoise professionally authenticated by a certified gemologist or a reputable gemological laboratory. Organizations like the GIA (Gemological Institute of America) and AGS (American Gem Society) can provide referrals to qualified professionals.

Authoritative References and Sources

The information in this article is based on general gemological knowledge and best practices for identifying gemstones. For more in-depth information, consider consulting these resources:

• Gemological Institute of America (GIA): GIA is a leading authority in gemology, offering extensive resources on gemstones, including turquoise. Their website (GIA.edu) and publications are excellent sources of information.
• American Gem Society (AGS): AGS is another reputable organization for gemological information and ethical jewelry practices. Their website (AGS.org) provides valuable resources.
• "Gemstones of the World" by Walter Schumann: A comprehensive and widely respected guidebook on gemstones, including detailed information on turquoise.
• "Turquoise: The Gem of the Centuries" by Joe Dan Lowry and Joe P. Lowry: A specialized book focusing specifically on turquoise, its history, varieties, and identification.
• Reputable Gem and Mineral Dealers and Native American Jewelry Experts: Experienced professionals in the field are invaluable sources of knowledge and practical advice.